Once upon a time, there was a ferocious dinosaur known as Publishsaurus rex who roamed the Earth, devouring everything in its path. Bookstores and authors were especially attractive prey for this carnivorous monster. While scientists believe that most dinosaurs disappeared as a result of some catastrophic natural disaster about 250 million years ago, the Publishsaurus rex not only managed to survive, but prosper. In fact, its still around today, though it has been tamed. It took the cleverness of an entrepreneur by the name of Leonard Riggio to accomplish such a feat. The story of what Riggio did to bring the book-publishing industry to its collective knees would rival Jurassic Park on the big screen. First, a little history. I dont know how book publishers ever got themselves trapped into such a bad deal, but since the beginning of time, most books have been sold to bookstores on a consignment basis. From a business standpoint, this arrangement is so absurd that whenever people who arent familiar with the book-publishing industry hear about it for the first time, theyre amazed. Nevertheless, publishers were always able to live with the obscene consignment arrangement, because they were so powerful and could push bookstores around. In earlier days, when large bookstores chains hadnt yet been invented, many bookstores were fearful of returning too many books to a powerhouse publisher for fear of being cut off from future shipments. But, as Waldenbooks and B. Dalton developed into large chains in the seventies, the bookworm slowly began to turn. Even so, the publishing dinosaur was so busy with other more important matters that it didnt even notice what was happening to its own business. By important matters, Im referring to publishing executives attending sales conferences four times a year in such fun-and-sun locations as Puerto Rico, Miami, Los Angeles, and Las Vegas ... the Frankfurt Book Fair once a year in Germany ... the annual London Book Fair in the U.K. ... having lunch and dinner with literary agents at New Yorks finest gourmet restaurants, where they could (as one agent gently described it in a national magazine) plot how to screw authors ... and, of course, at the highest levels of management, partaking in extramarital affairs that provided highly entertaining gossip for the publishing industry. Then, one day, a funny thing happened to publishing executives on the way to lunch at 21 Club in Manhattan: A fellow by the name of Leonard Riggio bought a little bookstore company called Barnes & Noble. You had to figure that Riggio was a country bumpkin, because who else would want to plunk down his hard-earned money to get into a dull business like retail bookselling? Apparently, I wasnt the only one not able to pick up on what was occurring in the book-publishing business, because even the biggest publishers didnt see it coming. In fact, no one paid much attention to Riggio and his little chain of bookstores until well into the 1980s. He moved quietly and cleverly until, little by little, Barnes & Noble maneuvered itself into a position where it was able to tighten its control over the gates that stand between book publishers and retail customers. And, along the way, Barnes & Noble bought up smaller bookstores and chains, the most notable of which were B. Dalton and Doubleday. Riggios next major move was to begin building superstores and today, Barnes & Noble has nearly 700 of these monster retail outlets spread through every major metropolitan area in the U.S. As part of his master plan to become the industry gatekeeper, Riggio also added two new twists. First, he put small cafes in his retail behemoths so customers could have a croissant and cup of coffee without ever having to leave Barnes & Noble. Second, he had overstuffed lounge chairs strategically placed throughout each store, so customers could relax and read to their hearts content. By the time well-fed, lethargic publishing executives woke up to what was going on, it was too late. They already had a huge Barnes & Noble chain around their collective necks, and Riggio was giving them harsh commands to heel and toe. As a result, nowadays if a publisher wants to assure that its books will be given reasonable nationwide distribution, it had better be prepared to pay homage to Barnes & Noble. And if it desires decent placement for any particular book in Barnes & Nobles superstores, that homage must come in the form of hard cash. For example, if a publisher wants a book to appear on the third table from the front of the store at Barnes & Noble, it has to pay extra for that privilege. If it wants the book to appear on the front table, thats even more expensive. Simply to have a book placed on the end rack of any bookshelf in a Barnes & Noble store, a publisher must to be prepared to pay The Gatekeeper a few extra shekels. Then, of course, there are the special racks that are filled with just a single title. This is such an expensive proposition that, in order to be able to afford it, a publisher almost has to be prepared to cut back on (gasp!) executive dining with literary agents for a month or two. And, finally, a publisher can purchase a rack at the very front entrance of B&Ns superstores for about what it would cost a family of five to tour the world for a month. Basically, all Riggio did was copy the legal bribery system that has been used by supermarkets for decades. When you go to a supermarket, wherever you see a display of, say, Pepsi or Coke, be assured that those companies paid serious money for that placement in that particular store. So, is Riggio an earthly rendition of Lucifer for ruining the cushy lives to which publishing executives had become accustomed? I think not. After all, for centuries publishers have played the role of gatekeeper vis a vis aspiring authors, with a ruthlessness that makes Riggio look like a Boy Scout. The arrogance of publishers is legendary. In fact, most of them wont even open a package from an author if they believe it contains an unsolicited manuscript. Thats right they actually send back thousands of manuscripts, unopened. I guess a good definition of arrogance would be claiming to know, without even opening a package, that the manuscript inside isnt worth reading. I only wish I could be so omniscient. Now, its the long-time bullies of the publishing industry major publishers who are getting bruised and battered and drowned by returned books coming from every direction. They havent even come close to figuring out a way to deal with Mr. Riggios way of doing business. And, to make matters worse, Borders and Books-A-Million are doing their best to imitate Barnes & Noble. Youd think things couldnt get any worse for the Publishsaurus rex, but they have. About three years ago, Barnes & Noble started its own publishing division to compete with its own book-publishing customers! If this were a prizefight, the referee would have stopped it long ago. The lesson all of us little guys on the sidelines can learn from Leonard Riggio is that no one has such a stranglehold on any industry that it is invulnerable. If your plan is clever enough, and youre prepared to do whatever it takes to execute it, anything is possible. The secret is to keep a low profile and move quietly, but keep moving forward. And if the companies currently ruling the roost are arrogant which is almost always the case it gives you a huge advantage to move stealthily into position to upstage them. Even a college dropout by the name of Gates (as in gatekeeper) proved it could be done. |
